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Patterns of COVID-19 Mortality and  Vitamin D: An Indonesian Study 

KEY FINDINGS: • Majority of the COVID-19 cases with insufficient and deficient Vitamin D status died. • The odds of death was higher in older and male cases with pre-existing condition and below normal Vitamin D levels. • When controlling for age, sex, and comorbidity, Vitamin D status is strongly associated with COVID-19 mortality. • Randomized controlled trials are warranted to investigate the role of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19 outcomes and to establish the underlying mechanisms. Download Now